急求狼的英文介绍

The wolf is truly a special animal. As the most widely distributed of all land mammals, the wolf, formally the gray wolf (Canis lupus), is also one of the most adaptable. It inhabits all the vegetation types of the Northern Hemisphere and preys on all the large mammals living there. It also feeds on all the other animals in its environment, scavenges, and can even eat fruits and berries. Wolves frequent forests and prairies, tundra, barren ground, mountains, deserts, and swamps. Some wolves even visit large cities, and, of course, the wolf's domesticated version, the dog, thrives in urban environments.

Such a ubiquitous creature must, as a species, be able to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, such as temperatures from -56° to +50°C (-70° to +120°F). To capture its food in the variety of habitats, topographies, and climates it frequents, the wolf must be able to run, climb, lope, and swim, and it performs all these functions well. It can travel more than 72 km (43 mi)/day, run at 56-64 km (34-38 mi)/hr, and swim as far as 13 km (8 mi) (P. C. Paquet, personal communication), no doubt aided by the webs between its toes.

The wolf leads a feast-or-famine existence, gorging on as much as 10 kg (22 pounds) of food at a time, but able to fast for months if necessary. Nevertheless, if all goes well (which for most wolves it does not), wolves can live 13 years or more in the wild (Mech 1988b) and up to 17 years in captivity (E. Klinghammer and P. A. Goodman, personal communication).

As might be expected, a widely distributed animal like the wolf varies physically all around its circumpolar home. The desert-inhabiting variety of Israel can weigh as little as 13 kg (29 pounds), whereas its northern tundra cousin can reach over 78 kg (172 pounds). The wolf's color varies across the entire black-white spectrum, with most wolves tending to be a mottled gray (Gipson et al. 2002).

Wolves live in packs of up to forty-two, but can survive even as lone individuals. Although wolf packs are usually territorial, where necessary, they can migrate hundreds of kilometers between where they raise their pups and where they take those pups in winter to follow their prey. The great variation in the wolf's environment, and in the creature's behavior and ecology as it contends with that environment, makes generalizing difficult. This problem can lead to false generalizations and misunderstanding about the animal.

Although wolves have provoked human beings by sharing their domestic and wild prey without permission, these predators have withstood humankind's resulting assault on them everywhere except where the ultimate weapon, poison, has been used. Given half a chance, wolves have responded by repopulating suitable areas with remarkable success. In the process, wolves have gained the support of many humans and have become a conservation challenge—one that is rapidly being met. This animal that sits on its haunches at the top of the food chain has become a symbol of the wilderness, an icon to environmentalists, and a poster child for endangered species recovery efforts.

Because of the strong feelings that both wolf haters and wolf advocates hold, it has been hard to sell the truth about the wolf—folks of each viewpoint resist accepting information they believe supports views opposite their own. Yet we must at least present the information as best we can. In this respect, we have tried throughout this book to draw valid generalizations where possible while indicating where lack of information precludes them.

那种种类的狼是纯白色的？

wolf。

狼(Canis lupus L),食肉目犬科犬属，又名野狼、豺狼、灰狼。为国家二级保护野生动物，列入《国家保护的有益的或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的陆生野生动物名录》；列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》，等级近危。

野生的狼一般可以活12~16年，人工饲养的狼有的可以活到二十年左右。奔跑速度极快，可达五十五公里左右。狼的耐力也很好，它们有能力以60公里/小时的速度奔跑20公里。智商高度发达，可以通过气味、叫声、肢体动作进行沟通。

狼外形特征

体型中等、匀称，四肢修长，趾行性，利于快速奔跑头腭尖形，颜面部长，鼻端突出，耳尖且直立。犬齿及裂齿发达;上臼齿具明显齿尖，下臼齿内侧具一小齿尖及后跟尖:臼齿齿冠直径大于外侧门齿高度。毛粗而长。

前足4~5趾，后足一般4趾;爪粗而钝，不能或略能伸缩。尾多毛，较发达。外形与狗、豺相似，足长体瘦，斜眼，上颚骨尖长，嘴巴宽大弯曲，耳竖立，胸部略窄小，尾挺直状下垂夹于两后腿之间。毛色随产地而异，多毛色棕黄或灰**，略混黑色，下部带白色。

并没有叫雪狼的这种狼。人们在文学作品以及电视作品中提到的雪狼其实就是北极狼。

物种名称北极狼

中文别名白狼

拉丁文学名Canis lupus arctos

英文名称Arctic wolf

物种分类

界： 动物界 Animalia

门： 脊索动物门 Chordata

纲： 哺乳纲 Mammalia

目： 食肉目 Carnivora

科： 犬科 Canidae

属： 犬属 Canis

种： 灰狼 Canis lupus

亚种： 北极狼 Canis lupus arctos

物种简介

北极狼是灰狼唯一在其原始分布地的亚种，其主要原因是因为在它们的天然栖息地遇到人类的机会不大。北极狼生活在北极地区。它们的皮毛雪白，与北极的环境融为一体，它们过着群居生活，通常是20～30只组成一个种群，由一只雄性和一只雌性共同领导。它们的猎物主要是大型的食草动物，如驯鹿、麝牛等。一只北极狼一天能吞下大约10千克肉，在没有食物的情况下，它们也会去吃腐肉。成年北极狼仅仅3英尺高，长的很象一只有绅士风度的狗。这种狼的颜色有红色、灰色、白色和黑色。北极狼会用林子里的灰色、绿色和褐色作为掩护，北极狼有着一层厚厚的毛，它们的牙齿非常尖利，这有助于它们捕杀猎物。

分布

北极狼一般生活在北极地区的森林里，生活在从加拿大的拉布拉多地区到英国的哥伦比亚地区。它们失去了居住的地方。但是由于人类的采伐树木、污染和垃圾，每年至少有196只北极狼死去。

生活习性

北极狼通常是5～10只组成一群，在这一小型群体中，有一只领头的雄狼，所有的雄狼常被依次分在甲、乙……等级，雌狼亦是如此。狼群中总是有一只优势的狼，其他的不管雌的、雄的均为亚优势及更低级的外围雄狼及雌狼，除此之外，便是幼狼。优势雄狼是该群的中心及守备生活领域的主要力量，优势雌狼对所有的雌性及大多数雄性是有权威的，它可以控制群体中所有的雌狼。优势雄狼和优势雌狼，以及亚优势的雄狼和雌狼构成群体的中心，其余的狼，不管是雌的还是雄的，均保持在核心之处，优势雄狼实际上是一典型的独裁者，一旦捕到猎物，它必须先吃，然后再按社群等级依次排列。而且它可以享有所有的雌狼；不过，优势雌狼不知是醋意大发还是为种群的未来着想，它会阻止优势雄狼与别的雌狼交配，并且优势雌狼几乎也能很成功地阻止亚优势级雌狼与其他雄狼交配。这样，交配与繁殖后代一般在优势雌雄狼两个最强的个体之间进行。

当然，这样会减少交配机会，限制幼狼的数目，因此，常看到一狼群中仅有一窝幼仔。可是，一旦遇到特殊情况，比如狼受到大量捕杀，大片栖息地被开拓，这时狼的社群等级性就受到了抑制甚至破坏，首先是结群性被打破。这样，独身的雌雄狼便会有充分的自主权，几乎每一只狼均会找到配偶，繁殖率大大增加，每一雌狼每年均可产下一窝幼仔，这对保持和恢复狼的种群数量是十分必要的。

捕猎

北极狼是典型的肉食性动物，优势雄狼在担当组织和指挥捕猎时，总是选择一头弱小或年老的驯鹿或麝牛作为猎取的目标。开始它们会从不同方向包抄，然后慢慢接近，一旦时机成熟，便突然发起进攻；若猎物企图逃跑，它们便会穷追不舍，而且为了保存体力，往往分成几个梯队，轮流作战，直到捕获成功。

繁殖

每年一头母北极狼平均会产14头小狼。它们一般诞生在洞穴里，有着纯净的白色的毛。北极狼对自己的后代表现出无微不至的关怀。当幼狼降生后，最初的13天，尚未睁开眼睛的小狼便会紧紧地挤在一起（每窝5～7只，个别情况下可达10～13只），安静地躺在窝中。母狼在这个时期，几乎是寸步不离，偶尔外出，时间也很短，然后赶紧返回洞穴，细心照料小狼。1个月后，母狼便开始训练它的孩子们，它将预先咀嚼过的，甚至经吞食后吐出来的食物喂养小狼，让它们习惯以肉为食。小狼的哺乳期为35～45天，但是长到半个月的小狼已具有尖锐的牙齿，这时母狼又会给小狼不同的食物，先是尸体，然后是半死不活的，目的是让小狼逐渐学会捕食本领。此后开始带着它们到一定的地方饮水。有趣的是，在此期间，狼群中某些成员也参与了喂养小狼的活动。

随着小狼的逐渐长大，它们逐渐担任起捕猎和防卫等任务，若遇到其它狼群的攻击，它们会以死抗争，绝不屈服。等长到约2岁时，小狼便开始达到性成熟，雌狼一般要到3岁或4岁才开始第一次交配，而雄狼这时长得强壮有力，开始觊觎优势雄狼的地位，一有机会便会提出强有力的挑战，成功者则会取而代之，成为新的统治者。

食物

北极狼吃驼鹿、鱼类、旅鼠、海象和兔子，它也进攻人类和其他的动物。它们用森林里的灰色、绿色和褐色作为掩护，北极狼有着一层厚厚的毛，它们的牙齿尖利，这有助于它们捕杀猎物。

天敌

北极狼的主要天敌是人类，由于人类的采伐树木、污染和垃圾，它们失去了居住的地方。北极狼面临濒危的境地，主要的威胁是偷猎者，每年至少有200只北极狼被杀。

近亲

虽然家犬和狼都有血缘关系，但是单论北极狼血缘最近的犬是西伯利亚雪橇犬SIBERIAN HUSKY ，西伯利亚雪橇犬为北极狼混养，散养形成的.也是所以家犬中和狼最接近的犬.